美国的军校制度

晨枫

军迷没有不想往西点军校的，但又很少不被美国各种军校（school）、军事学院（academy）和军事大学（college、university）弄糊涂的，更是有一些貌似民间的大学在里面参合。说起来，美国军事教育制度又完整，又混乱。一方面在很多地方领导世界军事教育，另一方面又由于历史积淀攒了很多陈腐的东西。这里理一理。

; X* G" l2 [' C  r  D2 R* n4 p军种学院（Federal Service Academies），毕业生直接进入现役，美国海运学院除外：
; s3 Y4 o& k; r+ {2 W- G7 O
* Y' f$ B$ ]1 p9 f7 s+ z+ h* wUnited States Military Academy（俗称西点军校，位于纽约州西点，里纽约市不远）
United States Naval Academy（俗称安纳波利斯海军学院，位于马里兰州安纳波利斯）
1 M- |+ k4 c. T1 a8 }United States Air Force Academy（一般就直译为美国空军学院，位于科罗拉多州科罗拉多泉）
) w, U- ]$ \$ j9 X. E8 F8 O. Y" k; bUnited States Coast Guard Academy（美国海岸警卫队学院，位于康涅狄格州新伦敦）
( u1 i, Z9 [  H+ i7 t: }United States Merchant Marine Academy（美国海运学院，院长是现已海军少将，毕业生从事航运业，但并非海军军官，位于纽约州金角）

  b1 k9 j$ G5 b# g/ o$ g2 i高级军事学院（Senior Military Colleges），用于训练预备军官团，毕业生按需要成为现役，其余进入预备役：

, B, _" j3 g7 Q4个也同时接受非ROTC的民间大学生，这里public指公立，不一定是对非军人开放
, V' z. v5 }6 \6 a" CThe Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina (Charleston, South Carolina; four-year public college)
Texas A&M University (College Station, Texas; four-year public university)
University of North Georgia (Dahlonega, Georgia; four-year public university)
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg, Virginia; four-year public university)

1个只收ROTC学生
Virginia Military Institute (Lexington, Virginia; four-year public college)，巴顿将军就是这里最出名的毕业生
% H* b' h0 F- U9 J* ~9 O* t- T
9 _1 ]8 n* d7 I2 j1个军民兼收的私立
* `. d( p% n; |4 G& g3 ]; |Norwich University (Northfield, Vermont; four-year private university)

; b* k: I( E2 t: j4 Y4 P州立海运学院，毕业生不能自动获得海岸警卫队或者军事海运方面的职务，但是挂钩的：

" ~2 S; t$ _, UCalifornia State University Maritime Academy (part of the California State University system)
Great Lakes Maritime Academy (a division of Northwestern Michigan College)
1 Q8 Z; C; E4 l  o4 JMaine Maritime Academy
Massachusetts Maritime Academy
6 h; j  X) f" F, y! O' X. D+ |State University of New York Maritime College (part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system)
Texas A&M Maritime Academy (part of the Texas A&M University System)
1 u% A5 j7 N+ A" t9 Y5 q
# s$ D' \4 b" c5 K军事大专（Military Junior Colleges），这是很特别的东西，两年毕业，但必须自己另外读完民间大学的大三、大四才能或者完整ROTC资格：
( y& p( a6 U! p
/ |) z$ l3 j$ w4 N" _" jGeorgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia)
6 i. ]7 a5 V$ WMarion Military Institute (Marion, Alabama)
0 O- m+ L7 f6 gNew Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico)
3 d4 H5 b- g* P- A1 a1 DValley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)

还有一大堆军事高中，为进军校准备的，都是私立的：

Admiral Farragut Academy (St. Petersburg, Florida; coeducational)
American Military Academy (Guaynabo, Puerto Rico; coeducational)
; x0 |* t  A/ N- A* L+ A! @7 HArmy and Navy Academy (Carlsbad, California)
Benedictine College Preparatory (Richmond, Virginia)
Camden Military Academy (Camden, South Carolina)
Christian Brothers Academy (Albany, New York)
Culver Military Academy (Culver, Indiana)
Fishburne Military School (Waynesboro, Virginia)
+ P+ E7 i% h* g& ]# `8 cFlorida Preparatory Academy (Melbourne, Florida; coeducational from 2005)
Fork Union Military Academy (Fork Union, Virginia)
Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)
% e# L6 ~8 i( E* o% \. w, o0 vHowe Military School (Howe, Indiana; coeducational)
( b) a, |' ?- H2 |6 [La Salle Institute (Troy, New York)
Leonard Hall Junior Naval Academy (Leonardtown, Maryland; coeducational)
Lyman Ward Military Academy (Camp Hill, Alabama)
% z# C9 V4 {4 T9 f* xMarine Military Academy (Harlingen, Texas)
, |8 J9 {4 `7 |" [1 C5 kMassanutten Academy (Woodstock, Virginia; coeducational)
Missouri Military Academy (Mexico, Missouri)
New York Military Academy (Cornwall on Hudson, New York; coeducational)
North Valley Military Institute (Sun Valley, California; coeducational)
Oak Ridge Military Academy (Oak Ridge, North Carolina; coeducational)
, ^  y" F9 T4 [4 gRandolph-Macon Academy (Front Royal, Virginia; coeducational)
. }5 k$ D5 P( BRiverside Military Academy (Gainesville, Georgia)
3 S: ?, N" ^  S% v& M4 hSan Marcos Baptist Academy (San Marcos, Texas)
& U7 U* X$ b; l( GSaint Thomas Academy (Mendota Heights, Minnesota)
, E; `+ T) O6 bSt. Catherine's Academy (Anaheim, California; Kindergarten - 8th Grade; all boys)
St. John's College High School (Washington, DC; first JROTC school in the USA; coeducational)
St. John's Military School (Salina, Kansas)
8 ]% J0 _1 T  _5 D. V: \9 wSt. John's Northwestern Military Academy (Delafield, Wisconsin)
& ?8 K% U6 J% H" M3 _& h/ a" ZSoutheastern Military Academy (Port St. Lucie, Florida)
TMI — The Episcopal School of Texas (San Antonio, Texas[2]
1 Q3 x" D1 f0 \1 A0 lValley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)
7 P3 [* W! G4 K. u
' i! M/ ?) B+ u' E* j更有一大堆公立高中有国防部部份资助的JROTC（青少年ROTC）项目，在高中期间就接受一定的军事训练，为以后参军做准备：

  f, `% {+ R* {4 Q2 K) ^Air Force Academy High School (Chicago, Illinois)
Bridgeport Military Academy First Responders (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
Carver Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
Chicago Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
; q1 i2 f# _  ?! M+ B% b* f) |Cleveland Junior Naval Academy (St. Louis, Missouri)
5 L" o6 L" z5 R, O* U; k# BDelaware Military Academy (Wilmington, Delaware)
& [+ ~9 I9 {8 T4 s) jFirst State Military Academy (Smyrna, Delaware)
$ l& P, k3 k; T2 ^6 R* P& J% W5 X# pFranklin Military Academy (Richmond, Virginia; the country’s first secondary military academy)[3]
Georgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia; coeducational, public but not part of University System of Georgia)
Hollywood Hills Military Academy (Hollywood, Florida)
: t& e0 a- R% t8 C9 EKenosha Military Academy (Wisconsin)[3]
8 G5 J& P. q6 l) ]# q" ]Marine Academy of Science and Technology (Sandy Hook, New Jersey)
! e  e8 V5 a3 w$ ?% sMarine Math and Science Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
* B9 x) {& |) R5 nNew Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico; coeducational)
9 i$ o! Q, ?1 l5 r6 _2 ?; XNew Orleans Military and Maritime Academy (New Orleans, Louisiana)
9 X) V2 {1 q! t' Z  H! uOakland Military Institute (Oakland, California)
Philadelphia Military Academy[3]
3 N. H+ [! c2 \Phoenix Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
6 D9 |8 f/ t/ J# r7 URickover Naval Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
Sarasota Military Academy (Sarasota, Florida)
& q0 P' p/ l+ q# T+ L% SSummerlin Military Academy (Bartow, Florida)
Utah Military Academy (Riverdale, Utah)
: l: A% w9 i5 B" c; z% s: ~
5 U8 ~! X2 P- F3 J: A; q( L$ ]  H( [, w在另一头，则是各军种的研究生院：
3 }8 y4 s8 g7 c9 x; d% k" s
9 e- K# I" h! _United States Army Command and General Staff College (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas)，陆军中级军官学校，下设School for Command Preparation，School of Advanced Military Studies，Command and General Staff School，School for Advanced Leadership and Tactics，郝柏村是这里毕业的
United States Army War College (Carlisle, Pennsylvania)，陆军高级军官学校，招收有希望晋升将官的中校和上校
: D) g: A1 T, W% u; }- \0 G' tUnited States Army Warrant Officer Career College (Fort Rucker, Alabama)
Naval War College (Newport, Rhode Island)，海军中高级军官学校，偏重指挥，下设College of Naval Warfare，Maritime Advanced Warfighting School，College of Naval Command and Staff
Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey, California)，更加偏重科技方面
3 B% e9 ~6 k$ k$ yMarine Corps University (Quantico, Virginia)
# c- S/ V) r( U6 y- EAir University (Montgomery, Alabama)，空军中高级军官学校的统一架构，下设Air War College，空军高级军官学校；School of Advanced Air and Space Studies，空天战争的研究生院；Air Command and Staff College，空军中级军官学校；Squadron Officer School，中队长学校；Air Force Institute of Technology (Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio)，偏重科技
National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)，三军联合，下设National War College，联合作战高级军官学校；Industrial College of the Armed Forces，偏重军工管理；Joint Forces Staff College (Norfolk, Virginia)，联合作战中级军官学校
Marine Corps University (Quantico, VA)，陆战队中高级军官学校的统一架构，下设Marine Corps War College，陆战队高级军官学校；School of Advanced Warfighting，陆战队的战术研究生班；Marine Corps Command and Staff College，陆战队中级军官学校；Expeditionary Warfare School，陆战队上尉军官的战术进修学校
) B$ s+ q9 J, }/ `. m5 j
各种专门学校（如步兵学校、装甲兵学校、游骑兵学校、伞兵学校、……）就数不胜数了，也经常在变动中。

" q  F! n4 d3 Z( y& n/ Y4 E绕晕了吗？我也是。

liuqing098

土共是不是也学米国这一套了？

晨枫

liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-20 22:06
土共是不是也学米国这一套了？

7 l/ H7 D5 ^( I! H' v好像不是，TG还是苏联式军校体制。

牛腰

Virginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧，一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了

cooker

liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 12:06
土共是不是也学米国这一套了？

土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html)，比以前少了很多，主要是政治和艺术类基本上都被合并精简了。建军九十多年，连军区这种庞然大物都变了又变，其体制沿革足可以写书了，更不要说通常是军或师一级编制的军校。几十年历史的学校，说没就没了。固然能打击体制内的山头主义，但同样也很影响士气。不过铁打的营盘流水的兵，军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉，最不缺的就是人。

晨枫

牛腰 发表于 2020-6-20 23:00
1 M" \* U. B- F9 E# N3 w. NVirginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧，一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了 ...

" M5 Q5 u0 _( j# @& |/ N, s1 H他的军衔更高，政治成就更大，但作为军人，他的战功好像不突出？

牛腰

晨枫 发表于 2020-6-21 13:10
' W" h8 V5 D2 k1 w# q他的军衔更高，政治成就更大，但作为军人，他的战功好像不突出？

. e6 g# N# q) c是的，他是参谋型的军官，对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上，他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。

# l8 N* Z7 s2 W( g+ D3 ~VMI最有名的中国毕业生大概是孙立人

晨枫

牛腰 发表于 2020-6-21 07:28
是的，他是参谋型的军官，对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上，他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。
7 W* J9 _- t3 \6 l, a" \
4 R1 @, k6 x& v3 RVMI最有 ...

; W& h) w. L( G! @* P- V+ h" }. l嗯，怎么把他给忘了？不应该

liuqing098

cooker 发表于 2020-6-21 13:01
5 r3 q1 H* p3 X! x1 R土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html)，比以前少 ...

不过铁打的营盘流水的兵，军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉，最不缺的就是人。
赞这个观点。
以前在天涯上看什么校尉的帖子讲桂林陆军学院的，也是很赞的。

中关村88楼

老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。

晨枫

中关村88楼 发表于 2020-6-21 09:31
1 f! i/ W* {8 L' n老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。

7 g7 K) H) w2 A. h3 A" Y0 u呃，这个确实漏掉了，多谢补充

漂流瓶

liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 22:30
6 t! P& F+ }+ }1 d+ i- @不过铁打的营盘流水的兵，军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉，最不缺的就是人。
- I) o* I! A5 N  v* s% Y赞这个观点。
* H. [* a. H# {  m9 ?以前在天 ...

应该是西西河的票姚校尉

liuqing098

漂流瓶 发表于 2020-6-22 14:09
应该是西西河的票姚校尉

; s6 t' [3 C# T: H+ ~9 }5 H, O9 J对。就是他。当时感慨不已。