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[转贴] 台灣終於獲得了新的 F-16,但它們卻已不再重要。

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楼主
 楼主| 发表于 2022-2-2 10:45:31 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
這是一篇刊登於國家利益上標題為 - "台灣可能會後悔採購 F-16 戰鬥機" 的文章,作者是大衛.艾克斯(David Axe),以下是我粗略的翻譯,如有謬誤尚請見諒。

以下是你需要記住的重點:根據湯普森的說法,戰機可以說是台灣新防禦戰略中最不重要的系統,儘管它們可以在擔負向中國入侵艦艇發射反艦導彈方面發揮重要作用。然而,很可能只有少數戰機能在中國對台灣機場的最初轟炸中倖存下來。 “解放軍的打擊……將摧毀台灣的空軍基地。”

在首次提出採購要求的近十年後,台灣空軍終於可以獲得 66 架新的 F-16 戰鬥機,也可以開始更換一些老舊的戰機。

儘管特朗普政府在中國強烈反對下批准了這筆 80 億美元的戰鬥機採購,但這批戰機可能對改變台灣海峽的力量均衡無濟於事。

中國目前擁有的現代化戰機數量比台灣多幾百架,六十六架 F-16 並不會改變這一點事實,所以台北已經開始調整其防禦戰略,希望能淡化 F-16 等常規主要武器系統在整體防禦戰略中的重要性。

為了對抗中國大約 1,500 架戰機,台北擁有大約 400 架自己的戰鬥機,其中包括老舊 F-5 和幻象 2000、本地製造的 F-CK-1 經國號戰機以及1992年從美國購買的 150 架 F-16A/B 戰機。2001 年,台灣政府要求美國政府提供 66 架新的 F-16 C/D戰機。

當時布希總統拒絕了這一採購要求,十年後歐巴馬也拒絕了採購提議。作為不出售戰機的補償,歐巴馬政府同意將台灣舊的F-16 戰機升級到配備新的改進傳感器的“F-16V”標準。

目前台灣​正在獲得與 F-16V 基本相同的新型“Block 70”構型F-16,這些新戰機可以取代大約 50 架幻象 2000 以及幾十架舊的 F-5,可以使台灣擁有大約 200 架 F-16 戰機和大約 120 架 F-CK-1 經國號戰機。

德魯·湯普森(Drew Thompson)在 2018 年岩石上的戰爭(
War on the Rocks)一篇文章中解釋了為甚麼在台灣的戰機現代化之際,這些戰機反而對台灣的國防戰略開始變得不那麼重要。

湯普森在該文中寫道:“去年,台灣參謀總長李喜明上將悄悄地提出了台灣防禦的革命性新方法,他將之稱為整體防禦概念。” “這個新概念如果得到有效實施,可能會扭轉局面,讓台灣有機會阻止中國武力侵犯。”

這個新防禦概念著重在不對稱防禦策略,即台灣能以最大限度地發揮本身的防禦優勢,並在其防禦最薄弱時集中瞄准中國入侵的力量。

台灣之前的戰略重點放在整體台海作戰,希望透過消耗擊敗敵人。新的概念將台灣的防禦行動劃分為兩個階段,這兩個階段都靠近台灣海岸,通訊線較短,台灣軍隊可以從陸上的優勢以及基於空中拒止和更有效的監視和偵察手段中獲益。

新防禦概念的第一階段是沿海的決戰,這段距離是從本島延伸至外海100公里。在這一階段中的關鍵能力包括海上佈雷,以及配備台灣國產反艦巡航導彈、雄風二型和三型的海軍大型水面艦艇。

台灣的水面艦隊包括來自傳統的大型水面艦艇,如法國製造的拉法葉艦、美國製造的紀德級驅逐艦和美國設計的佩里級護衛艦。這些艦艇配備了雄風和魚叉飛彈,以及一艘攜帶有16枚反艦飛彈的新型沱江級雙體快速攻擊艦。

台灣還部署了安裝在卡車上的陸基反艦雄風飛彈,這些陸基反艦飛彈將會分散部署來,以便在中國對台灣最初的空襲中倖存下來。當他們在台灣城市和山區躲避解放軍偵查的同時,他們也將在整個入侵過程中對水面艦艇發動反擊。

新防禦概念的第二階段旨在殲滅靠近海灘區域的敵人,該區域從預期的登陸海灘向外延伸約 40 公里。此一階段要求台灣海軍在可能登陸海灘附近的深水和淺水區佈設水雷,為此台灣正在建造一支新的自動化、快速佈雷艦隊,同時上述幾類水面艦艇上也可以安裝佈雷軌道。

當入侵艦隊雷區減速的同時,成群結隊的小型快速攻擊艇和陸基卡車發射的反艦巡航飛彈將瞄准入侵船隊中的關鍵艦艇,尤其是搭載第一波解放軍突擊部隊的兩棲登陸艦以及作為後續登陸力量,裝載車輛和裝甲車的滾裝船。

陸軍將在這個階段發揮作用,他們將在海灘上佈設地雷,並以精確火力瞄準包括掃雷艦在內的敵方船艦。精準火砲將瞄準任何抵達海岸的船隻和部隊,使用區域效應武器,如帶有集束彈藥的多管火箭系統和包括 AH-64E Apaches 在內的攻擊直升機。

空軍將會阻止中國戰機、轟炸機和無人機進入台灣戰場,為此部署綜合防空系統,包括愛國者 PAC-3 防空飛彈營和用於保衛空軍基地和關鍵基礎設施的國產天功二型地對空飛彈,以及較小的機動防空系統,例如美國所提供的複仇者,將能防止解放軍空軍為其入侵部隊提供近距離的空中支援。

根據湯普森上述的說法,戰機可以說是這一新防禦戰略中最不重要的系統,儘管它們可以在向中國入侵艦艇發射反艦飛彈方面發揮重要作用。然而,很可能只有少數飛機能在中國對台灣機場的最初空襲中倖存下來。 “解放軍的打擊……將會摧毀台灣的空軍基地。”

事實上,台灣戰機“主要的功能是在和平時期發揮威懾作用,保衛台灣的領空,”湯普森斷言。 “未來台灣空軍將通過機動防空、小型無人機和維護關鍵基礎設施來實現聯合防禦,從而在戰時做出貢獻。”

雖然台灣終於獲得了新的 F-16,但就在此刻,它們卻已不再重要。

大衛.艾克斯擔任《國家利益》的國防編輯。他是漫畫小說 War Fix、War Is Boring 和 Machete Squad 的作者。
沙发
 楼主| 发表于 2022-2-2 10:46:05 | 只看该作者
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板凳
 楼主| 发表于 2022-2-2 10:46:54 | 只看该作者


The National InterestOpen Menu

Taiwan Might Experience Buyers Remorse Over the F-16 Fighter

[size=1.4em]January 29, 2022  [size=1.6em]Topic: [size=0.9375em]F-16  [size=1.6em]Region: [size=0.9375em]Asia  [size=1.6em]Blog Brand: [size=0.9375em]The Reboot  [size=1.6em]Tags: [size=0.9375em]F-16[size=0.9375em]Military[size=0.9375em]Technology[size=0.9375em]World[size=0.9375em]China

































































































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[size=2.1em]Nearly a decade after first requesting them, the Taiwanese air force finally could get 66 new F-16 fighters to begin replacing some of its older fighter aircraft.
[size=1.8em]by [size=0.9375em]David Axe [size=0.9375em]Follow @daxe on TwitterL



[size=1.9em]Here's What You Need to Remember: Fighters arguably are the least important system for this new strategy, although they could play an important role firing anti-ship missiles at Chinese invasion ships, according to Thompson. It’s likely, however, that few planes will survive China’s initial bombardment of Taiwanese airfield. “PLA strikes … will devastate Taiwan’s airbases.”

[size=1.9em]Nearly a decade after first requesting them, the Taiwanese air force finally could get 66 new F-16 fighters to begin replacing some of its older fighter aircraft.



[size=1.9em]But the $8-billion fighter-acquisition, which the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump approved over strong objections from China, likely will do little to alter the overall balance of power across the Taiwan Strait.
[size=1.9em]China possesses hundreds of more modern fighters than Taiwan does. Sixty-six F-16s won’t change that. And Taipei already has begun to revamp its defensive strategy to de-emphasize the importance of conventional major weapons systems such as F-16s.



[size=1.9em]To counter China’s roughly 1,500 fighters, Taipei possesses around 400 fighters of its own including aging F-5s and Mirage 2000s, locally-made F-CK-1s and the survivors of 150 F-16As and Bs that the island country bought from the United States in 1992. In 2001 the Taiwanese government asked for 66 F-16Cs and Ds.

[size=1.9em]The administration of then-U.S. president George W. Bush rejected the request. A decade later Pres. Barack Obama also turned down the proposed purchase. As a consolation, Obama’s administration agreed to upgrade Taiwan’s older F-16s to the new “F-16V” standard with improved sensors.
[size=1.9em]Now Taipei is getting new-build “Block 70” F-16s that essentially are identical to F-16Vs. These new fighters could replace the 50 or so Mirage 2000s as well as a couple dozen old F-5s, leaving Taiwan with a force of around 200 F-16s plus and around 120 F-CK-1s.
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[size=1.9em]But the modernization occurs just as fighters are beginning to matter less to Taiwan’s defense strategy. Drew Thompson explained the strategy in a 2018 article for War on the Rocks.
[size=1.9em]“Last year, Taiwan’s chief of the general staff Adm. Lee Hsi-ming quietly proposed a revolutionary new approach to Taiwan’s defense, called the Overall Defense Concept,” Thompson wrote. “This new concept, if effectively implemented, could turn the tables and give Taiwan a fighting chance of preventing China from being able to take it by force.”



[size=1.9em]Taiwan’s new defense concept employs an asymmetric defense strategy, where Taiwan maximizes its defense advantages, and targets an invading force when it is at its weakest.
[size=1.9em]Whereas Taiwan’s previous strategy focused on fighting across the entire Taiwan Strait and defeating the enemy through attrition, the new concept divides Taiwan’s defense operations into two phases, both closer to Taiwan’s shores where the lines of communication are short and Taiwan’s forces can benefit from land-based air denial and more effective surveillance and reconnaissance.

[size=1.9em]The first phase is the decisive battle in the littoral, extending up to 100 kilometers from the island. Key capabilities at this phase will include sea mines, and large surface vessels equipped with Taiwan’s capable, domestically manufactured anti-ship cruise missiles, the Hsiung Feng 2 and 3.
[size=1.9em]Taiwan’s surface fleet includes larger vessels from the legacy force, such as French-builtLafayette-class frigates, U.S.-built Kidd-class destroyers, and U.S.-designed Perry-class frigates armed with both Hsiung Feng and Harpoon missiles, as well as a new class of fast attack Tuojiang class catamarans that carry 16 missiles. T



[size=1.9em]aiwan also fields anti-ship Hsiung Feng missiles mounted on trucks that will disperse in order to survive initial strikes. While evading detection in Taiwan’s urban and mountainous terrain, they will launch strikes at surface ships throughout an invasion.
[size=1.9em]The second phase seeks to annihilate the enemy at the beach area, which extends approximately 40 kilometers outwards from anticipated invasion beaches. This phase calls for Taiwan’s navy to lay mines in deep and shallow waters off suspected landing beaches. A new fleet of automated, fast minelaying ships are being built for that mission. In the interim, mine-launching rails can be installed on several classes of surface vessels.



[size=1.9em]While invading ships are slowed by minefields, swarms of small fast attack boats and truck-launched anti-ship cruise missiles will target key ships in the invasion force, particularly amphibious landing ships carrying the initial wave of [People’s Liberation Army] assault troops as well as roll-on, roll-off vessels carrying follow-on vehicles and armor.
[size=1.9em]The Taiwan army comes into play at this phase, laying beach mines, and targeting enemy ships with precision fires, including minesweepers. Precision artillery will target any vessels and troops reaching shore, using area-effects weapons such as indigenously built multiple-launch rocket systems with cluster munitions and attack helicopters including AH-64E Apaches.



[size=1.9em]The Taiwan air force will seek to deny Chinese fighters, bombers and drones from Taiwan’s battlespace by deploying integrated air defenses, including Patriot PAC-3 batteries and domestically manufactured Tian Kung-2 surface to air missiles that are assigned to defend air bases and critical infrastructure, and smaller mobile air defense systems, such as U.S.-provided Avenger systems to prevent the PLA Air Force from providing close-in air support to their invading forces.
[size=1.9em]Fighters arguably are the least important system for this new strategy, although they could play an important role firing anti-ship missiles at Chinese invasion ships, according to Thompson. It’s likely, however, that few planes will survive China’s initial bombardment of Taiwanese airfield. “PLA strikes … will devastate Taiwan’s airbases.”



[size=1.9em]Indeed, Taiwan’s fighters “will primarily serve a deterrent role defending Taiwan’s airspace in peacetime,” Thompson asserted. “The air force will make its wartime contributions with mobile air defenses, small drones and maintaining critical infrastructure to enable a joint defense.”
[size=1.9em]Taiwan is finally getting its new F-16s. Right at the moment they’re ceasing to matter.



[size=1.9em]David Axe served as Defense Editor of the National Interest. He is the author of the graphic novels War Fix, War Is Boring and Machete Squad.
[size=1.9em]This first appeared in August 2019, and is being republished due to
[size=1.9em]Image: Reuters.
[url=]Read More[/url]


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