( y, ~4 p0 f( ^) p0 N$ }9 e看来,中文对“费厄泼赖”是以批判的眼光接受,而英文对“工合”的引进是不顾原文自创一路,这种语言交流中无奈的互不尊重对方,我们也就暂且看作是另一类的Fair Play吧! : D5 P7 R) l: b9 Q( m& b5 G& |作者: Dracula 时间: 2012-2-14 00:20
From Oxford English Dictionary* x9 Y/ z) `# P$ y3 F
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casino, n.9 h, _# ~: y; H! V' E
Etymology: < Italian casino small house, dim of casa house < Latin casa cottage + N- {; j: w; H2 z1. A pleasure-house, a summer-house (in Italy).; o. i+ C! }/ `3 R6 V$ A! U
2. A public room used for social meetings; a club-house; esp. a public music or dancing saloon - a' h& T( m* \- ?5 O2 h3. A game of cards ( P$ |) A* m# k4. A building for gambling, often with other amenities. (Now the usual sense.)" z# D. ~8 I7 Q3 j$ v1 b
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gung ho, n. 4 q% P6 A3 ^: D: E: s2 S# Y* tEtymology: Chinese kung work + ho together.* Q# o! q% A1 y; j
A slogan adopted in the war of 1939–1945 by the United States Marines under General E. Carlson (1896–1947); hence as adj.: enthusiastic, eager, zealous. # }. _9 R7 Q1 V- I3 P t w1 ?8 e& W
1942 Times Mag. (N.Y.) 8 Nov. 13/4 Borrowing an idea from China, Carlson frequently has what he calls ‘kung-hou’ meetings.‥ Problems are threshed out and orders explained. S n7 _% ?2 Z) T
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1943 Life 20 Sept. 58, I [sc. E. Carlson] told them of the motto of the Chinese Co-operatives, Gung Ho. It means Work Together.‥ My motto caught on and they began to call themselves the Gung Ho Battalion. 9 j3 x( X2 O, Y" x4 k9 l' Y$ i: |( V) E
coolie, n. X+ |5 q* n( L7 O& R; x
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Etymology: Origin uncertain; probably spec. use of Koli n. or its ultimately etymon Gujarati Koḷī (because members of this group frequently worked as labourers or performed menial tasks), probably after Portuguese cule local hired labourer in India (and later also China) (1581 as qule ; apparently also < Gujarati Koḷī , Kulī ), both perhaps partly influenced by Tamil kūli hire, payment for occasional menial work (forming the first element of kūlikkāraṉ and kuliyāḷ hireling) or a related Dravidian word. Compare Urdu qulī ( < Gujarati koḷī ), perhaps influenced by the unrelated Ottoman Turkish qul slave, subject (Turkish kul ). In sense 1a now in the Indian vernaculars generally: Gujarati kulī , Hindi kūlī , kulī , Bengali kuli , etc., and Tamil kūli , Telugu kūlī (as opposed to kūli hire), etc., all probably ultimately < English (or perhaps < Portuguese). $ k- P( j/ t7 F0 c# @" EWith sense 1b compare Afrikaans koelie , apparently < English. Compare Dutch koelie (1642, only with reference to colonies in Asia and the Americas). , ?6 y W2 r4 z' W , y* M7 y1 g4 nWith uses referring to China (compare e.g. quot. 1745 at sense 1a) compare Chinese kŭlì , apparently < English. 4 S* m1 ]3 ~# ^4 J; Y& z6 Q: p- F3 N
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So coolie and casino are not originated from Chinese. And your description of origin of gung ho is inaccurate. r9 m6 D9 B# H# I # `/ {& c4 L/ Y" ^8 L3 e ) L0 C8 b" f1 u! Y( D' E作者: lihbalps 时间: 2012-2-14 08:42
这个词不是鲁迅引进来的么??/ Y+ }1 ~" [- m$ L& Y0 \( a
费厄泼赖应该缓行那个,很经典的文章啊……作者: 草蜢 时间: 2012-2-14 08:48 本帖最后由 草蜢 于 2012-2-14 08:56 编辑 3 P# Q( J4 q: V7 i+ `
Dracula 发表于 2012-2-14 00:20 3 B: S# \+ }1 o
From Oxford English Dictionary 8 g X" Y2 ]" m' H$ D 8 @6 O" _' @3 ?9 o7 |casino, n.
武宜子 发表于 2012-2-17 12:35 9 j4 H; F. Z+ }1 m l% d( I8 f7 Y难怪毛老人家说"怕就怕认真二字“,你搬出了牛典,当是权威。不过权威有时不留神也出差,对gung ho一词就 ...
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首先草蜢所说同OED并不矛盾。我觉得你没有仔细看我引的词源和例子。gung ho一词,我没有说你完全错,而是不准确。第二,OED20卷,2万2千页,是公认的英语使用的权威,没有任何其它英语字典在篇幅上甚至接近,Webster's Third International Dictionary只有2800页。尤其是词源和词的意思和使用的历史变迁,没有第二本英语字典可以和它相比。OED的数据库里同样包含着大量美国英语以及其它英语的使用例子,并不象你想像的那样只是英国英语。象gung ho 一词OED引的例子,Time 和Life 都是美国的杂志。 q) ]' _) Q: @
2 }, n1 ^9 g# j$ z关于typhoon,同样是来自OED ) U1 F& i6 Z8 L8 V( O 3 W% J5 q+ L, ~( Z gEtymology: Two different Oriental words are included here: (1) the α-forms (like Portuguese tufão , †tufõe ) are < Urdu (Persian and Arabic) ṭūfān a violent storm of wind and rain, a tempest, hurricane, tornado, commonly referred to Arabic ṭāfa , to turn round (nouns of action ṭauf , ṭawafān ), but possibly an adoption of Greek τῡϕῶν typhon n.2; (2) the β- and γ- forms represent Chinese tai fung , common dialect forms (as in Cantonese) of ta big, and fêng wind (hence also German teifun ). The spelling of the β-forms has apparently been influenced by that of the earlier-known Indian word, while that now current is due to association with typhon n.2 7 n% ?0 x* b5 Z5 G/ q 8 S0 j" e0 J' g+ h, O因此typhoon有两个词源,一个是汉语,一个是波斯语和阿拉伯语% w) t- X3 P/ f- i' @( q6 ^
* e* g, b. U/ D 作者: 草蜢 时间: 2012-2-17 16:30 本帖最后由 草蜢 于 2012-2-17 16:35 编辑 8 ~: n3 B: F7 t ]: z3 ]
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Citing OED again? It's just a tongue-in-cheek, "witty" write-up. There is nothing right or wrong. Loosen up, Dracula (It sounds a bit draconian). 4 z$ ]* B, Q' E6 h$ s% b$ T9 V
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Let's try not to get there, though your perseverance is much appreciated!作者: 大阿吉 时间: 2012-2-22 22:49
合情推断,应该是有影响 ) T. l/ d7 {& n5 O; }Tiphon "violent storm, whirlwind, tornado," 1550s, from Gk. typhon "whirlwind," personified as a giant, father of the winds, perhaps from typhein "to smoke" (cf. typhus). The meaning "cyclone, violent hurricane of India or the China Seas" (1580s) is first recorded in T. Hickock's translation of an account in Italian of a voyage to the East Indies by Caesar Frederick, a merchant of Venice: ( C% R' H/ u p/ j4 G9 k. ]; D ! F- y2 Z7 a/ xconcerning which Touffon ye are to vnderstand, that in the East Indies often times, there are not stormes as in other countreys; but euery 10. or 12. yeeres there are such tempests and stormes, that it is a thing incredible, but to those that haue seene it, neither do they know certainly what yeere they wil come. ["The voyage and trauell of M. Caesar Fredericke, Marchant of Venice, into the East India, and beyond the Indies"] . f0 ]3 O: U% N9 m ' ^) ^3 [8 W- _* b) D3 V6 NThis sense of the word, in reference to titanic storms in the East Indies, first appears in Europe in Portuguese in the mid-16th century. It aparently is from tufan, a word in Arabic, Persian, and Hindi meaning "big cyclonic storm." Yule ["Hobson-Jobson," London, 1903] writes that "the probability is that Vasco [da Gama] and his followers got the tufao ... direct from the Arab pilots." The Arabic word sometimes is said to be from Gk. typhon, but other sources consider it purely Semitic, though the Greek word might have influenced the form of the word in English. Al-tufan occurs several times in the Koran for "a flood or storm" and also for Noah's Flood. Chinese (Cantonese) tai fung "a great wind" also might have influenced the form or sense of the word in English, and that term and the Indian one may have had some mutual influence; toofan still means "big storm" in India.