“Blood is flowing in the streets; crime is on the rise; recidivism is a depressing but terribly real fact of American life and, all the while, Congress continues its interminable debate over crime. At some point, the purists must step aside, become result-oriented and act where they can.”
103 Cong. Rec. E2532 (daily ed. Oct. 26, 1993).
Sec. 2339A. Providing material support to terrorists
(a) DEFINITION- In this section, `material support or resources' means currency or other financial securities, financial services, lodging, training, safehouses, false documentation or identification, communications equipment, facilities, weapons, lethal substances, explosives, personnel, transportation, and other physical assets, but does not include humanitarian assistance to persons not directly involved in such violations.
(b) OFFENSE- A person who, within the United States, provides material support or resources or conceals or disguises the nature, location, source, or ownership of material support or resources, knowing or intending that they are to be used in preparation for, or in carrying out, a violation of section 32, 36, 351, 844 (f) or (i), 1114, 1116, 1203, 1361, 1363, 1751, 2280, 2281, 2331, or 2339 of this title or section 902(i) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. App. 1472(i)), or in preparation for or carrying out the concealment of an escape from the commission of any such violation, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.
S.R. 1607, 103rd Cong. § 726 (Nov. 1, 1993).
(c) INVESTIGATIONS. —
(1) IN GENERAL. — Within the United States, an investigation may be initiated or continued under this section only when facts reasonably indicate that —
(A) in the case of an individual, the individual knowingly or intentionally engages, has engaged, or is about to engage in the violation of this or any other Federal criminal law; and
(B) in the case of a group of individuals, the group knowingly or intentionally engages, has engaged, or is about to engage in the violation of this or any other Federal criminal law.
(2) ACTIVITIES PROTECTED BY THE FIRST AMENDMENT. —
An investigation may not be initiated or continued under this section based on activities protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution, including expressions of support or the provision of financial support for the nonviolent political, religious, philosophical, or ideological goals or beliefs of any person or group.’
Pub. L. No. 103-322, § 120005, 108 Stat. 1796, 2022-2023 (1994).
Sec. 2339B. Fund-raising for terrorist organizations
. . .
(d) Prohibited Activities.--
(1) Except as authorized pursuant to the procedures in subsection (e), it shall be unlawful for any person within the United States, or any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States anywhere, to directly or indirectly, raise, receive or collect on behalf of, or furnish, give, transmit, transfer or provide funds to or for an organization or person designated by the President under subsection (c), or to attempt to do any of the foregoing.
(2) It shall be unlawful for any person within the United States or any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States anywhere, acting for or on behalf of any organization or person designated under subsection (c), (A) to transmit, transfer, or receive any funds raised in violation of subsection (d)(1), or (B) to transmit, transfer or dispose of any funds in which any organization or person designated pursuant to subsection (c) has an interest.
. . .
H.R. 896, 104th Cong. § 301 (Mar. 21, 1995).
“Our job today is not to dwell on the past, but to look to the future--to lay the foundation for a comprehensive antiterrorism plan for America. We must take every reasonable step, every responsible action, to reduce the chances that other, similar tragedies will occur elsewhere in the United States. “
104 Cong. Rec. S5841 (daily ed. Apr. 27, 1995).
“[O]ur bill includes provisions making it a crime to knowingly provide material support to the terrorist functions of groups designated by a Presidential finding to be engaged in terrorist activities.
“I am sensitive to the concerns, as is the majority leader, of some that this provision impinges on freedoms protected by the first amendment. And, the first amendment has no greater champion than the distinguished majority leader and certainly myself. I have worked to ensue [sic] that this provision will not violate the Constitution or place inappropriate restrictions on cherished first amendment freedoms. Nothing in this provision prohibits the free exercise of religion or speech, or impinges on the freedom of association. Moreover, nothing in the Constitution provides the right to engage in violence against fellow citizens. Aiding and financing terrorist bombings is not constitutionally protected.“
104 Cong. Rec. S5842 (daily ed. Apr. 27, 1995).
Sec. 2339A. Providing material support to terrorists
(a) Offense.--Whoever, within the United States, provides material support or resources or conceals or disguises the nature, location, source, or ownership of material support or resources, knowing or intending that they are to be used in preparation for or in carrying out, a violation of section 32, 37, 351, 844(f) or (i), 956, 1114, 1116, 1203, 1361, 1363, 1751, 2280, 2281, 2332, 2332a, or 2332b of this title or section 46502 of title 49, or in preparation for or in carrying out the concealment or an escape from the commission of any such violation, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.
(b) Definition.--In this section, the term `material support or resources' means currency or other financial securities, financial services, lodging, training, safehouses, false documentation or identification, communications equipment, facilities, weapons, lethal substances, explosives, personnel, transportation, and other physical
assets.
Sec. 2339B. Providing financial support to terrorist organizations
(a) Offense.--Whoever, within the United States, knowingly provides material support or resources in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, to any organization designated by the President under section 212(a)(3)(B)(iv) of the Immigration and Nationality Act
as a terrorist organization shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.
(b) Definition.--As used in this section, the term `material support or resources' has the meaning given that term in section 2339A of this title.
H.R. 1710, 104th Cong. §§ 102-103 (May 25, 1995).
‘‘Medicine’’ should be understood to be limited to the medicine itself, and does not include the vast array of medical supplies. ‘‘Religious materials’’ should not be read to include anything that could be used to cause physical injury to any person. It is meant to be limited to those religious articles typically used during rituals or teachings of a particular faith, denomination, or sect.
H.R. Rpt. 104-383 at 82 (Dec. 5, 1995)
Sec. 2339B. Providing material support or resources to designated foreign terrorist organizations
(a) PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES-
(1) UNLAWFUL CONDUCT- Whoever, within the United States or subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, knowingly provides material support or resources to a foreign terrorist organization, or attempts or conspires to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.
. . .
(g) DEFINITIONS- As used in this section--
. . .
(4) the term `material support or resources' has the same meaning as in section 2339A;
. . .
Pub. L. No. 104-132, § 303, 110 Stat. 1214, 1250 (1996).
(h) Provision of Personnel.--No person may be prosecuted under this section in connection with the term `personnel' unless that person has knowingly provided, attempted to provide, or conspired to provide a foreign terrorist organization with one or more individuals (who may be or include himself) to work under that terrorist organization's direction or control or to organize, manage, supervise, or otherwise direct the operation of that organization. Individuals who act entirely independently of the foreign terrorist organization to advance its goals or objectives shall not be considered to be working under the foreign terrorist organization's direction and control.
(i) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall be construed or applied so as to abridge the exercise of rights guaranteed under the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
H.R. 10, 108th Cong. § 2043(f) (Sep. 24, 2004).
“Clearly, the -- the broad scope of this statute is -- is constitutional, and whatever aspects of speech it may run afoul of are -- are minimal. That being the case, of what relevance are these hypotheticals? It's a lot of fun, and it's very interesting, but we can deal with all of that when the situations arise, can't we?“
Transcr., Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, S. Ct. No. 08-1498, at *51 (Feb. 23, 2010)
“The old equity rule was that you don't enjoin a criminal statute; you wait until something happens. And the reason is then we have specific facts. And if we said that here, you would say, oh, you’re chilling speech.”
Id. at *30.
“It's a very odd as-applied challenge because there hasn't been a prosecution. And vagueness as applied. . . is, it seems to me, if, you know, that it applies, it isn't vague. I don’t understand that, but - -
[Solicitor General Kagan’s words omitted]
“I -- I can't -- I can't think of a case in which the Court, pre-prosecution in a declaratory judgment, has said that it's improper as applied to certain things.”
Id. at *55.
"It may be that it is the obnoxious thing in its mildest and least repulsive form; but illegitimate and unconstitutional practices get their first footing in that way, namely, by silent approaches and slight deviations from legal modes of procedure."
Boyd v. U.S., 116 U.S. 616, 635 (1886), abrogated on other grounds, Warden v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294, 302 (1967).
“[W]hile the Judges' decision makes law, it is often the people's view of the decision which makes history.”
Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, Vol. 1 (1789-1821), 3, Little, Brown & Co. 1922.
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