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2011年后记 ]. b2 S8 }, r, c, ^7 u/ b) f
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最近读了一些经济历史方面的书，才骇然发现所谓的消费需求不足导致经济危机的理论是1815年拿破仑战争结束后，在英国的伯明翰地区崛起了一个学派所倡导的。所以，根据这个理论， 居民消费不足导致了英国在拿破仑战争后的经济衰退。后来马克思，凯恩斯继承了这个学派的思想，也就是鼓吹暴力革命的马克思消费需求不足理论和鼓励政府扩张的凯恩斯消费不足理论。 * k$ V0 a1 e2 Y, \$ x9 q + M% h2 t8 D1 e) p% {可怜中国学经济学的学生们（也包括我）从那些教科书里学来，以为这个东西就是解释经济危机的永恒不变的真理，由此推出收入不公导致消费不足，消费不足导致经济危机，要消除经济危机就要消除分配不公。要消除分配不公就要革命或印钞票的教条主义。遇到经济危机，就不分青红皂白是分配不公造成的，无非想证明资本主义就是糟。所以，解决方案要不就是推翻政府，要不就是鼓励政府扩大支出。 - x0 {7 Y. \1 I( L' N/ l6 t! _* }& r; s O+ K3 N. I" m. C: X
那么为何人民公社一大二公的结果中国少了4000万人口呢？最公平的时代就是最荒唐的时代。+ s5 P9 j5 g+ i8 F$ |5 ?( f2 I J
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过尤不及，实事求是。 8 W4 z% Q, H( d0 v# ^) \1 C. m3 \, a" x& {; f% M6 S, z/ g
/ Q0 L. I; q5 l% Z& SBirmingham School (economics)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia9 c' {" ?( L# U+ }
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The Birmingham School was a school of economic thought that emerged in Birmingham, England during the early nineteenth century, specifically in the Post-Napoleonic depression that affected England 1815–30, following the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815. & X0 l3 B% {" O0 KArguing an underconsumptionist theory – specifically, attributing the depression to the fall in demand due to the end of the wars and end of war mobilization – Birmingham School economists opposed the gold standard and advocated the use of an expansionary monetary policy to achieve full employment. & W4 O. y) S7 X }The leading thinker and spokesman for the Birmingham School was the banker Thomas Attwood. Other notable figures included George Frederick Muntz and Thomas Attwood's brother Matthias Attwood. Economists who lent the Birmingham School some support included Arthur Young, Patrick Colquhoun and Sir John Sinclair.[1] ) E7 W x9 K Q0 oDismissed at the time as "currency cranks" or "crude inflationists", the theories of the Birmingham School are now recognized as embryonic versions of the Keynesian economics of the 1930s.[2] Some of Attwood's writings contain formulations of the multiplier effect and an income-expenditure model.[3]Joseph Schumpeter, in his 1954 History of Economic Analysis wrote that "it is from these writings that any study of modern ideas on monetary management ought to start".[4] a) D1 H+ @' k+ s4 k$ u1 q 5 s5 L* w4 t" v/ Y$ F2 s6 W* u4 H. { v) z" E
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