youyouyuyu 发表于 2019-1-16 01:52
呵呵，想起文学城那些肆无忌惮病态狭隘恶毒的评论
三力思 发表于 2019-1-16 05:52
一般就是反死刑团体用各种方式把冤假错案放大成体制问题，然后政客用暂停和废除死刑方式体现自己进步。 ...
pengk 发表于 2019-1-16 13:59
去cnki搜了一下，发现这样几点：
1，欧洲国家，大部分废除的时间处于60-80年代；目前欧洲只有一个国家还在 ...
zilewang 发表于 2019-1-16 14:22
这个结论与前4点的关系在哪里了？
西方60-80年代是民权运动高涨的时代，这个背景影响了西方社会好多议题 ...
pengk 发表于 2019-1-17 12:19
这里的“西方”还需要再细分一下，嚷嚷这个事儿的其实主要是欧洲，美国的声音其实不大。
民权运动恰好正反 ...
zilewang 发表于 2019-1-17 23:17
60-70年代欧美这些国家的民权运动都很猛。。在欧洲是环保，在美国是平权，共同点是反世俗，反政府。我感 ...
库布其 发表于 2019-1-20 04:20
维基百科原文照搬。
Robert Bickerdike was a businessman, politician, and social reformer, who believ ...
1.审判是总会有冤案的，死刑执行后就没有了补偿错误的机会。
肖恩 发表于 2019-1-20 06:17
同意，这条在我看来是最重要的原因，没有之一。
不过天朝一向有“宁可错杀三千，不可放过一个”的传统 ...
库布其 发表于 2019-1-20 04:20
维基百科原文照搬。
Robert Bickerdike was a businessman, politician, and social reformer, who believ ...
Abolition of capital punishment
See also: Use of capital punishment by country § Abolition chronology
Peter Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, by Joseph Hickel [de], 1769
Many countries have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice. Since World War II there has been a trend toward abolishing capital punishment. Capital punishment has been completely abolished by 102 countries, a further six have done so for all offences except under special circumstances and 32 more have abolished it in practice because they have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice against carrying out executions.[54]
The death penalty was banned in China between 747 and 759. In Japan, Emperor Saga abolished the death penalty in 818 under the influence of Shinto and it lasted until 1156.[55]
In England, a public statement of opposition was included in The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards, written in 1395. Sir Thomas More's Utopia, published in 1516, debated the benefits of the death penalty in dialogue form, coming to no firm conclusion. More was himself executed for treason in 1535. More recent opposition to the death penalty stemmed from the book of the Italian Cesare Beccaria Dei Delitti e Delle Pene ("On Crimes and Punishments"), published in 1764. In this book, Beccaria aimed to demonstrate not only the injustice, but even the futility from the point of view of social welfare, of torture and the death penalty. Influenced by the book, Grand Duke Leopold II of Habsburg, the future Emperor of Austria, abolished the death penalty in the then-independent Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the first permanent abolition in modern times. On 30 November 1786, after having de facto blocked executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the penal code that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. In 2000, Tuscany's regional authorities instituted an annual holiday on 30 November to commemorate the event. The event is commemorated on this day by 300 cities around the world celebrating Cities for Life Day.
The Roman Republic banned capital punishment in 1849. Venezuela followed suit and abolished the death penalty in 1863[56] and San Marino did so in 1865. The last execution in San Marino had taken place in 1468. In Portugal, after legislative proposals in 1852 and 1863, the death penalty was abolished in 1867. The last execution of the death penalty in Brazil was 1876, from there all the condemnations were commuted by the Emperor Pedro II until it's abolition for civil offences and military offences in peacetime in 1891. The penalty for crimes committed in peacetime was then reinstated and abolished again twice (1938–53 and 1969–78), but on those occasions it was restricted to acts of terrorism or subversion considered "internal warfare" and all sentence were commuted and were not carried out.
Abolition occurred in Canada in 1976 (except for some military offences, with complete abolition in 1998), in France in 1981, and in Australia in 1973 (although the state of Western Australia retained the penalty until 1984). In 1977, the United Nations General Assembly affirmed in a formal resolution that throughout the world, it is desirable to "progressively restrict the number of offences for which the death penalty might be imposed, with a view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment".[57]
In the United Kingdom, it was abolished for murder (leaving only treason, piracy with violence, arson in royal dockyards and a number of wartime military offences as capital crimes) for a five-year experiment in 1965 and permanently in 1969, the last execution having taken place in 1964. It was abolished for all peacetime offences in 1998.[58]
In the United States, Michigan was the first state to ban the death penalty, on 18 May 1846.[59] The death penalty was declared unconstitutional between 1972 and 1976 based on the Furman v. Georgia case, but the 1976 Gregg v. Georgia case once again permitted the death penalty under certain circumstances. Further limitations were placed on the death penalty in Atkins v. Virginia (death penalty unconstitutional for people with an intellectual disability) and Roper v. Simmons (death penalty unconstitutional if defendant was under age 18 at the time the crime was committed). In the United States, 18 states and the District of Columbia ban capital punishment.
Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the right to life is the most important, and capital punishment violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture. Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it "cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment". Amnesty International considers it to be "the ultimate, irreversible denial of Human Rights".[60]
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